return {
	-- lspconfig
	{
		"neovim/nvim-lspconfig",
		event = { "BufReadPre", "BufNewFile" },
		dependencies = {
			{ "folke/neoconf.nvim", cmd = "Neoconf", config = true },
			{ "folke/neodev.nvim", opts = {} },
			"mason.nvim",
			"williamboman/mason-lspconfig.nvim",
			"hrsh7th/cmp-nvim-lsp",
		},
		---@class PluginLspOpts
		opts = function()
			return {
				-- options for vim.diagnostic.config()
				diagnostics = {
					underline = true,
					update_in_insert = false,
					virtual_text = {
						spacing = 4,
						source = "if_many",
						prefix = "●",
						-- this will set set the prefix to a function that returns the diagnostics icon based on the severity
						-- this only works on a recent 0.10.0 build. Will be set to "●" when not supported
						-- prefix = "icons",
					},
					severity_sort = true,
				},
				-- add any global capabilities here
				capabilities = {},
				servers = {
					jsonls = {},
					lua_ls = {
						settings = {
							Lua = {
								workspace = {
									checkThirdParty = false,
								},
								completion = {
									callSnippet = "Replace",
								},
								telemetry = { enable = false },
							},
						},
					},
					pylsp = {
						settings = {
							pylsp = {
								plugins = {
									rope_autoimport = { enabled = true },
									isort = { enabled = true },
									pycodestyle = { maxLineLength = 120 },
								},
							},
						},
					},
					lemminx = {
						settings = { xml = { server = { workDir = "~/.cache/lemminx" } } },
					},
					tinymist = {
						--- todo: these configuration from lspconfig maybe broken
						single_file_support = true,
						root_dir = function()
							return vim.fn.getcwd()
						end,
						--- See [Tinymist Server Configuration](https://github.com/Myriad-Dreamin/tinymist/blob/main/Configuration.md) for references.
						settings = {
							exportPdf = "onType",
							outputPath = "$root/target/$dir/$name",
						},
					},
				},
				-- you can do any additional lsp server setup here
				-- return true if you don't want this server to be setup with lspconfig
				---@type table<string, fun(server:string, opts:_.lspconfig.options):boolean?>
				setup = {
					-- example to setup with typescript.nvim
					-- tsserver = function(_, opts)
					--   require("typescript").setup({ server = opts })
					--   return true
					-- end,
					-- Specify * to use this function as a fallback for any server
					-- ["*"] = function(server, opts) end,
				},
			}
		end,
		---@param opts PluginLspOpts
		config = function(_, opts)
			-- diagnostics
			vim.diagnostic.config(require("common").icons.diagnostics)

			if type(opts.diagnostics.virtual_text) == "table" and opts.diagnostics.virtual_text.prefix == "icons" then
				opts.diagnostics.virtual_text.prefix = vim.fn.has("nvim-0.10.0") == 0 and "●"
					or function(diagnostic)
						local icons = require("common").icons.diagnostics
						for d, icon in pairs(icons) do
							if diagnostic.severity == vim.diagnostic.severity[d:upper()] then
								return icon
							end
						end
					end
			end

			vim.diagnostic.config(vim.deepcopy(opts.diagnostics))
		end,
	},

	-- formatters
	-- cmdline tools and lsp servers
	{
		"williamboman/mason.nvim",
		cmd = "Mason",
		opts = {
			ensure_installed = {
				"jdtls",
				"lua-language-server",
			},
		},
	},
	"mfussenegger/nvim-jdtls",
}